Muhammad+and+the+Caliphs

CHART: CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATION OR CULTURE: // Muhammad and the Era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs // NAME: ___ Catherine Duffy __ PERIOD__: _ 8 ___ DATE: __ Nov. 2, 2010 __
 * =POLITICAL=
 * **Leaders, Elites**
 * **State Structure**
 * **War**
 * **Diplomacy, Treaties**
 * **Courts, Laws** || * Quran authorized armed struggle, “jihad”
 * All authority, both political and religious, in hand of Muhammad (established tax-free markets, mandatory payment to poor)
 * // Sharia // law – regulated every aspect of life
 * No distinction between religious and civil law
 * Arab state became a huge empire
 * Caliph = successor to Muhammad as political leader of umma
 * Era of Rightly Guided Caliphs – 4 caliphs
 * Caliphs became absolute monarchy
 * Civil wars between Sunni and Shia
 * // Imams // = Shia religious authority ||
 * =ECONOMIC=
 * **Type of System**
 * **Technology, Industry**
 * **Trade, Commerce**
 * **Capital/Money**
 * **Types of Businesses** || * Muhammad was a merchant, therefore Islam was friendly to commercial life
 * Expansion of Islam (founded by Muhammad) gave rise to maritime culture by 1000
 * Islam spread as well within trade routes, conversions increased ||
 * == RELIGIOUS ==
 * **Holy Books**
 * **Beliefs, Teachings**
 * **Conversion**
 * **Sin/Salvation**
 * **Deities** || * Allah is the supreme god
 * Muhammad was Allah’s messenger to the Arabs after he received a revelations beginning in 610
 * Quran = those revelations, sacred book, words of God
 * 5 Pillars of Islam (submission, prayer, hajj, fasting, sharing of wealth) (sometimes jihad) ||
 * == SOCIAL ==
 * **Family**
 * **Gender Relations**
 * **Social Classes**
 * **Inequalities**
 * **Life Styles** || * Muhammad, orphan and raised by uncle, married wealthy widow
 * Very troubled by religious corruption and social inequalities of Mecca
 * The Quran denounced wealthy Mecca and its poor treatment of women
 * // Umma // – community of all believers ||
 * == INTELLECTUAL, artS ==
 * **Art, Music**
 * **Writing, Literature**
 * **Philosophy**
 * **Math & Science**
 * **Education** || * Kaaba in Mecca – originally full of idols, now shrine to Allah
 * Why Islam appealing: promise of material gain and end to warfare among tribes ||
 * == NEAR: GEOGRAPHY ==
 * **Location**
 * **Physical**
 * **Movement**
 * **Human/Environment**
 * **Region** || * Rise of Islam in 7th century
 * Mecca and Medina (Arabia)
 * Hijra - Muhammad moved with followers from Mecca to Medina because of growing opposition
 * Hajj – lifetime visit to Mecca ||

NOTES: Sunnis = caliphs should be selected by community, Shia = caliphs should come from line of Ali