Mughal


 * CHART: CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATION OR CULTURE **


 * =POLITICAL=

· Leaders, Elites · State Structure · War · Diplomacy, Treaties · Courts, Laws || ** Turkish Mongol Babur invaded India in 1523 and created the Mughal Empire. Its autocratic rulers' power was based on military might and religious piety. The two most important sultans were Akbar and Aurangzeb. Akbar tried to alleviate tensions between the Muslims and Hindus using reforms such as encouraging intermarriage, abolishing the jizra, ending the ban on building new Hindu temples and ordering Muslims to respect cows, but Aurangzeb reinstituted many of the restrictions on Hindus. Akbar also built a strong bureaucracy to administer the government, giving land grants to the aristocracy usually in reward for military service. **

· Type of System · Technology, Industry · Trade, Commerce · Capital/Money · Types of Businesses || * Came to control commercial networks based on cotton, indigo and silk || · Holy Books · Beliefs, Teachings · Conversion · Sin/Salvation · Deities || Akbar--establishes a unified religious idea, largely Hindu and Muslim ruled 1556-1605 (see page 424) · Family · Gender Relations · Social Classes · Inequalities · Life Styles || The empire continued an ongoing encounter between Islamic and Hindu civilizations. It was a location of effort to blend Hindu groups and a variety of foreign Muslims into partnership. * High tensions between Muslims and Hindus; some Mughal leaders more tolerant of Hinduism than others
 * In 1523, Islamic Turk **Babur (descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan) invaded India**, attacking the Lodi sultanate and **founding the Mughal Empire** in 1526
 * Mughal is the Persian-Arabic word for the Mongols, but the Mongols and the Mughals are not the same thing
 * Held power for roughly 200 years, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries
 * Technically, the Mughal Empire didn't come to an end until after the Indian rebellion against the British in 1857
 * They established unified control over most of the Indian peninsula, resulting in a period of political unity before the following period of British colonial rule
 * Mughal princes fought with one another to become heir to the throne
 * **Autocratic rulers** who based a great deal of their power on **military might** and **religious authority**
 * Had **no navy**, all military power based on army
 * Akbar tried to alleviate tensions between Muslims and Hindus by incorporating many Hindu rajas into the highest positions of the military and bureaucracy; policy of cooperation with rajas (**inclusive policies of Muslim rulers** to accommodate their Hindu subjects)
 * **Encouraged intermarriage** between the Mughal aristocracy and the families of the Hindu rajput
 * **Abolished the jizra**, or head tax, that all non-Muslims paid
 * Ended a ban on the building of **new Hindu temples**
 * Ordered **Muslims to respect cows,** which Hindus considered to be sacred
 * Akbar also built a **strong bureaucracy** modeled on a military hierarchy for collecting taxes
 * **Each region surveyed and evaluated** by government officials, and **tax rates based on region**'s potential for wealth
 * In most areas local officials (usually Hindu) were allowed to keep their positions as long as they swore allegiance to the Mughal rulers and paid their taxes, so a **great deal of power was left to local rulers**
 * Akbar's reforms lasted until his great-grandson Aurangzeb reinstituted many restrictions on Hindus in the late 17th century ||
 * =ECONOMIC=
 * == RELIGIOUS ==
 * Mughal religious ideals required spreading of Islam by fighting infidels, which to the Mughals were the Hindus ||
 * == SOCIAL ==
 * Non-muslim populations governed by Muslims

· Art, Music · Writing, Literature · Philosophy · Math & Science · Education || * The **Taj Mahal** was built by the emperor Shah Jahan in 1632 as a tomb for his favorite wife Mumtaz Mahal · Location · Physical · Movement · Human/Environment · Region || ** Located in India. Established in the early 16th century. ** ||
 * Government **granted land revenue to military officers and government officials** in return for their service
 * Many grew wealthy through revenue from farming and trade on land grants plus taxes ||
 * == CULTURE ==
 * Made of white marble inlaid with semi-precious stones ||
 * == INTERACTIONS ==